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For local inflammatory processes, warming and hot compresses . The purpose of the procedure is to achieve an analgesic and resolving effect. The setting of a warm compress and a hot compress is carried out as directed by a doctor.

Indications for the use of hot and warm compresses are:

• local inflammatory processes in the skin and subcutaneous fat, in the joints;
• inflammation of the middle ear (otitis media);
• bruises a day after injuries;
• myositis;
• post-injection infiltrates.

Contraindications:

• high fever;
• acute inflammatory processes in the body;
• purulent and allergic skin diseases;
• violations of the integrity of the skin;
• you can not apply a compress to the area of ​​​​skin treated with iodine in order to avoid deep burns.

One of the important skills of a nurse is the ability to take a swab from the throat and nose for bacteriological studies.

The purpose of taking swabs from the throat and nose : to identify the causative agent of the disease, bacterial carrier, and also to determine sensitivity to antibiotics.

contraindications to the procedure.

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In order to properly care for patients with hypertension and to plan the nursing process in a timely and competent manner, we will analyze the definition of the disease itself. So, hypertension is a disease accompanied by such a pathological condition as hypertension or hypertension.

Arterial hypertension or hypertension is an increase in blood pressure, which is caused by non-natural reactions of the body to certain physiological situations (stress, heat, somatic disease). With arterial hypertension, there is an imbalance in the systems responsible for maintaining blood pressure within the normal range.

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Before we go into detailed instructions, let's recall the basic concepts of this topic.

Immobilization is the creation of immobility of a damaged (injured) part of the body.

Transport immobilization is a temporary measure, immobilization during the delivery of the victim to a medical institution.

Proper transport immobilization for a hip fracture is essential for the further outcome of this severe injury. Recall that fractures of the femur are divided mainly into 2 types: read in full »

The functions of a nurse are currently being expanded due to health care reforms. At the same time, one of the most important components of professional activity is nursing pedagogy - the transfer to the patient and his relatives of the necessary knowledge, skills and abilities.

The effectiveness of the nursing process directly depends on the literacy and professionalism of the nurse. When a patient loses the ability to self-care, a nurse comes to the rescue. But not only to help carry out the necessary actions. A much more important task of the nurse is to teach the patient to serve himself under the prevailing conditions.

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Let us analyze the algorithm for measuring body weight as one of the mandatory manipulations that a nurse of any profile should own. Body weight is determined for diagnostic purposes to assess physical development and evaluate dynamic changes in the patient's condition.

Indications for determining body weight:

• monitoring the physical development of a child, adolescent or adult;
• detection of deficiency or excess of weight;
• detection of hidden edema;
• observation of the dynamics of weight in the course of treatment of the cardiovascular, genitourinary, endocrine systems;
• admission of the patient to the hospital;
• doctor's appointment.

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Consider the algorithm for measuring human height as one of the basic skills that a nurse should have. Height measurement is one of the measuring methods of anthropometry. The purpose of this process - diagnostic - is to assess the physical development or dynamics of the patient's condition.

Indications for measuring height:

• control over the physical development of the patient (child, adolescent, adult);
• endocrinological diseases (obesity, osteoporosis, impaired pituitary functions);
• admission of the patient to the hospital;
• doctor's appointment.

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Currently, treatment with medical leeches  (hirudotherapy) is used for hypertension, coronary heart disease, glaucoma, thrombophlebitis and vein thrombosis, hemorrhoids. As a goal from the use of leeches can be set:

• local bleeding;
• decrease in BCC (volume of circulating blood);
• decrease in blood clotting.

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The functional state of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems will be determined by counting the number of respiratory movements in the patient. Indications for counting the frequency of respiratory movements are mainly diseases of the respiratory system and the cardiovascular system. Before considering the sequence of actions of this manipulation, let us recall what breathing is in general.

Breathing is the main life process that provides a continuous supply of oxygen to the body and the release of carbon dioxide and water vapor from the body. There are the following types of breathing in humans, depending on the involvement of the chest in the process.

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The therapeutic effect of medical cups is based on increased blood and lymph circulation in organs and tissues. The purpose of the procedure is the resorption of inflammatory processes, as well as the reduction of muscle pain.

The technique of setting cans requires a certain skill, composure and caution.

Indications for setting medical jars:

• diseases of the upper respiratory tract;
• neuralgia, myositis;
• inflammatory diseases of the nerve trunks;
• congestion in the chest organs.

The use of mustard plasters is based on the therapeutic effect of mustard oil, which is part of the mustard, which is released from it at a temperature of 39 to 45 degrees.

The main effect of the procedure is to increase blood circulation, the goal is the resorption of inflammatory processes, pain relief.

The technique of setting mustard plasters is not difficult in practice, however, it is necessary to follow the existing rules and sequence of actions.

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The use of a heating pad is based on its therapeutic effect, which consists in reflex relaxation of smooth muscles and increased blood supply to organs and tissues.

The ultimate goal of this procedure is to achieve analgesic and relaxing effects.

The technique of applying the heating pad must be carried out clearly and consistently in order to avoid complications. The procedure is performed strictly according to the doctor's prescription.

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The use of an ice pack is carried out in the following pathological conditions:

• external and internal bleeding;
• acute inflammatory processes of the abdominal cavity;
• the first day after bruises;
• postpartum period;
• condition after an abortion;
• fever;
• insect bites;
• heatstroke.

The technique of using an ice pack is not complicated, but requires knowledge of the sequence and correctness of the nurse's actions. The action of the ice pack is based on:

• narrowing of blood vessels of deeply located organs and tissues;
• decreased receptor sensitivity.

An enema is a procedure in which fluid is introduced into the lower segment of the large intestine for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. A cleansing enema is prescribed to liquefy and remove the contents of the lower sections of the large intestine, cleaning it from feces and gases.

Before considering the algorithm for setting a cleansing enema , let us remind ourselves of the indications for its use: read in full "

There are certain rules for measuring human body temperature. To begin with, remember that the normal temperature is from 36 to 37 degrees Celsius. Daily physiological fluctuations are no more than one degree (for example, in the morning the temperature is 36.0, in the evening - 37.0).

Thermometry - measurement of body temperature - in medical institutions is carried out 2 times a day. According to the doctor's testimony, in severe and febrile patients - more often. Read completely "

For a nurse, the use of gloves is a must. Carrying out manipulations, patient care is carried out only in gloves according to existing standards.

It should be remembered that it is unacceptable to use the same gloves for manipulation or care of two or more patients. Even if gloved hands are washed and disinfected. Treatment of gloves with alcohol-containing solutions is also unacceptable due to the destruction of the protective layer.

After carrying out manipulations for the care of one patient, gloves should be removed and immersed in a disinfectant solution for disinfection. With the subsequent disposal of disposable products. Read completely "

Any treatment of the hands of a nurse involves preparation and direct decontamination (removal of contaminants). The hands of a nurse must be well-groomed, without inflammation, burrs and microcracks.

Nails should be neatly trimmed and unvarnished. The skin edge of the nail bed should not be cut due to the risk of microtrauma and inflammation. Artificial nails on the hands of a nurse are unacceptable. Before the nurse's hands are processed for manipulation, wristwatches and jewelry must be removed.

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Consider how dressings are carried out according to approved standards.

The first stage is preparatory

• The dressing room is being prepared for work: wet cleaning and bactericidal irradiation are carried out. Read completely "

Pharmaceutical order, or pharmaceutical order in medical facilities is provided by the deputy chief physician for drug supply. Responsibility for compliance with the pharmaceutical order in the unit falls on the shoulders of the head. However, the chief nurse ensures that the drug supply process is followed.

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The fastest recovery of the patient is intended to be facilitated by the therapeutic and protective regimen in the department of health care facilities - a set of measures:

• medical;
• preventive;
• psychological;
• sanitary and anti-epidemic;
• ethical and deontological.

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Every nurse must know how to give subcutaneous injections and be able to perform this manipulation correctly.

After changing into a treatment room uniform, the nurse washes her hands with antibacterial soap and disinfects them with an antiseptic. Puts on sterile gloves and prepares equipment for subcutaneous injection. Read completely "

Consider the algorithm for taking blood from a vein for biochemical and serological studies.

On the eve of the study, the nurse warns the patient not to have breakfast, but to have dinner not late and not heavy. It should be explained that blood is taken on an empty stomach for analysis, because in this way the most reliable result is obtained.

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The intradermal injection prescribed by the doctor is most often a drug or allergic test. However, sometimes medicinal substances are also administered intradermally.

Before the manipulation, the nurse prepares for work in the treatment or vaccination room, as before performing intramuscular or intravenous injections. In addition to the uniform, gloves and a mask are required.

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The implementation of the patient care plan includes interdependent nursing interventions (in addition to dependent and independent ).

At the same time, the nurse equally cooperates with the doctor, exercise therapy instructor, psychologist, and social work specialist. Read completely "

So, the fourth stage of the nursing process includes independent nursing interventions in addition to dependent ones . Such interventions are within the competence of the nurse. They are carried out without a special prescription from the attending physician and other specialists.

Independent nursing interventions. Nurse actions

1. Caring for a patient: Read More »

Dependent nursing interventions are performed by a nurse solely on the prescription of a doctor, recorded in the patient's medical history. Appointments can be both therapeutic and diagnostic.

The role of the nurse is to correctly follow the doctor's instructions in compliance with the rules of the sanitary and epidemiological regime, medical ethics and deontology. All nursing interventions are performed at step 4 of the nursing process .

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Transport immobilization for a shoulder fracture is performed using:

• standard stair rail;
• plastic tire;
• improvised means.

Immobilization is performed by capturing 3 joints: shoulder, elbow and wrist. The tire should not be applied to the naked body. If the victim has no clothes, the limb is wrapped with a cloth. Read completely "

Medical deontology, in the modern interpretation - medical bioethics, has its own history. Engaging in medicine involves immersion in the profession both in the field of knowledge and skills, and in moral and ethical principles.

One example of selfless service to people is Florence Nightingale's oath for nurses. Read completely "

Consider what is the technique for measuring blood pressure with a conventional mechanical tonometer.

• Manipulation is carried out in the position of the patient lying or sitting.
• We release the patient's hand from clothing.
• We place the patient's hand in a relaxed state with the palm up approximately at the level of the heart.
• The tonometer is placed at the same level with the patient's hand.
• We put a cuff on the patient’s shoulder so that one finger can be placed under it. Rubber tubes should be located below, at the level of the center of the elbow.
• The phonendoscope is placed in the center of the cubital fossa. Read completely "

Laying the ointment in the nose is a frequently prescribed procedure in otorhinological practice.

For a nurse, putting an ointment in the nose should not be difficult. However, as with any introduction of medicinal substances into the patient's body, one should remember the responsibility for the life and health of the patient. Read completely "

Laying ointment in the ear is often used for acute and chronic inflammatory processes. For a nurse, especially those working in otorhinolaryngology, this procedure should be familiar and performed in accordance with all requirements.

Laying the ointment in the ear is carried out with the patient lying on his side. Read completely "

Laying the ointment in the eyes is used for the purpose of local action of the drug on the conjunctiva. It is produced according to the prescription of the attending physician for inflammatory eye diseases. A qualified nurse is required to have this skill.

For a procedure such as applying ointment to the eyes from a tube or using an eye spatula, the following equipment is required: read more »

The nurse should clearly understand what complications can be after intramuscular injections and how to avoid them. In the event of complications, the nurse must know the algorithm of medical care for the patient.

So, complications after intramuscular injections can be as follows. Read completely "

One of the important skills of a nurse is the study of the pulse. Consider how to calculate the pulse correctly and without complications.

Most often, the pulse is examined on the superficially located radial artery. The pulse is determined by II, III and partially IV, V fingers.

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In certain cases, a reference to a nurse at the request of higher authorities, during certification, presentations for awards and in other cases.

When compiling a description, you should specify:

• year of graduation from medical school (college);
• how long has the nurse been working in the department;
• possession of professional skills and manipulations;
• knowledge and observance of the sanitary-epidemiological regime; Read completely "

One of the main skills that a nurse must possess, regardless of profile, is the technique of performing an intravenous injection to a patient.

Any administration of a medicinal substance is carried out strictly according to the prescription of the attending physician.

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A psychiatric hospital is a regime department, that is, subject to its own rules. The doors are locked, the keys to which are kept only by the staff and are handed over to the attendants when the shift is handed over. All windows have bars. Any nurse in psychiatry is required to know and strictly observe the operating hours of the department.

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A serpentine or creeping bandage is applied to hold the dressing over the entire surface of the limb.

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The tortoise headband is a variant of the figure-of-eight headband . As a rule, it is superimposed on the area of ​​​​large joints.

The tortoise bandage is bandage tours that intersect on the flexor surface of the joint and fan out on the extensor surface.

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The returning bandage is reduced to the alternation of circular tours of the bandage with longitudinal ones, going sequentially and returning back until the affected area is completely closed.

A returning bandage is used when bandaging the foot, hand, fingers and stumps of the limbs. It allows you to close the end surface.

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The eight-shaped (8-shaped), or cruciform bandage resembles a cross or the number 8 in shape. Bandage tours are repeated several times, the cross is located above the affected area.

A cruciform bandage is applied to areas of the body of complex configuration - the back surface of the hand, chest, occiput, or areas with mobility (limb joints). Read completely "

The spiral bandage begins with circular tours of the bandage. Next, the bandage is carried out from the periphery to the center, half or 2/3 overlapping the previous tours - as a result, a spiral is formed.

A spiral bandage is used for wounds of the chest, abdomen, limbs. Sometimes covering a significant part of the body, such a bandage exerts uniform pressure on the damaged part of the body.

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When bandaging the shoulder, forearm, thigh, torso, fingers, a spike-shaped ascending or descending bandage

The crossover of the bandage moves occurs at 2/3 of its width, covering its previous rounds, along one line. The cross is carried out along one line: up - with an ascending spike-shaped bandage, down - with a descending one. Read completely "

To start and end bandaging, a circular or circular bandage is used. Bandage tours go from left to right and cover each other completely in the form of rings.

At the beginning of the bandage, the first round (move) is sometimes given an oblique direction by bending the edge of the bandage. Then the first move is closed by the second.

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Intramuscular injections into the thigh are performed when it is impossible to administer drugs into the buttock.

The principles for performing this manipulation are the same as for injections into the buttock, but there are some features. Read completely "